Climbers - Clematis - Źródło Dobrych Pnączy

Climbers

Growing climbers

Apart from clematis, there exists a large group of climbing vines worth popularising. Climbers take up little space in the garden all the while giving a spectacular display owing to the mass of greenery they produce: Silvervine Fleeceflower (Fallopia), Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia), Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus), Trumpet Creeper (Campsis), Vitis, Parthenocissus, Monks Hood Vine (Ampelopsis), Actinidia, beautiful flowers: Wisteria, Trumpet Creeper (Campsis), Honeysuckle (Lonicera) and ornamental fruit: Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus), Nightshade (Solanum), Ampelopsis, as well as edible fruit: Actinidia, Magnolia Vine (Schisandra) and Akebia. The majority of climbers climb by twining spirally round the support, while others, owing to the presence aerial rootlets e.g. Ivies (Hedera), Climbing Hydrangea (Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris), Trumpet Vine (Campsis), Japanese Hydrangea Vine (Schizophragma hydrangeoides) and Wintercreeper Euonymus (Euonymus fortunei), or adhesive tendril tips, e.g. Japanese Creeper (Parthenocissus), are self-clinging and can scale a flat wall, without added support.

Climbers are particularly useful for covering outer walls of buildings. Apart from their decorative aspect, they also act as insulation during winter, and retain a pleasant coolness inside the house during hot summer days. They also help keep the walls dry by shielding them from the rain, and draining excess water away from the foundations. Creepers are best suited to this end, but you can equally well use ivies or Trumpet Vine, or any other climber on condition that a suitable support is provided.

Climbers can cover unsightly buildings, sheds, warehouses, rubbish sheds, etc. hiding them quickly from view. If you want to have the effect in just one year, you should try Silvervine Fleeceflower (Fallopia aubertii), Hop (Humulus), on clematis belonging to the Tangutica Group e.g. 'Bill MacKenzie' or ‘Lambton Park’ or alternatively, Clematis'Paul Farges' of the Vitalba Group. If you can wait 2-3 years, you can use any climbing vine described in this section.

Climbers can grow up various kinds of fences (np. siatki) (e.g. wire meshes). They will not only provide decoration, but will also screen us from nosy people's eyes and protect us against winter and dust. The following plants are excellent for this purpose: Common Ivy (Hedera helix), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera acuminata), clematis of the Atragene Group (especially 'Pamela Jackman'), the Tangutica Group (especially 'Lambton Park'), the Viticella Group (especially 'Etoile Violette' and 'Polish Spirit') and the Vitalba Group (especially 'Paul Farges'), Monks Hood Vine (Ampelopsis aconitifolia), Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata).

The majority of climbers don’t require any special soil conditions, but since they produce a large mass of greenery, they don’t like very dry and poor soils. Heat-loving species, such as actinidias (Actinidia), wisterias (Wisteria) and trumpet creepers (Campsis), prefer warm, sheltered and sunny sites, while Common Ivy (Hedera), Climbing Hydrangea (Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris), Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia), Schizophragma (Schizophragma), Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei), Akebia (Akebia), Hop (Humulus) and some honeysuckles (Lonicera) will feel better in a cooler, shaded and moist site.

When planting climbers dig a hole of 50x50x50 cm and fill it with fertile soil. Depending on the species, put the plant 0-10 cm deeper than it used to grow in a pot, at least 30-50 cm away from the wall and 50-100 cm away from the trees. Well chosen and correctly planted climbers can grow for many years, decorating your garden all year round and providing excellent shelter for birds.

Actinidia arguta - kiwi berry

September and October is the time when fruit of most of the varieties of Actinidia ripens. Actinidias are comparatively undemanding, easy to grow, disease and pest resistant, and well able to tolerate urban conditions.

Though still little known in colder climatic zones, these deciduous climbers are very valuable garden plants that, besides adding ornament to your garden with their winding stems, yield tasty fruit. 

The plants from the genus Actinidia are native to the countries of Far East, from Manchuria to Java. Their fruit is a berry, just as a tomato or a gooseberry, and, in most species, it's edible. Usually the plant is dioecious, which means that male and female flowers are borne on separate plants.

The most widespread species is Actinidia deliciosa (Kiwi fruit) derived from Actinidia chinensis, native to the Yangtze River valley in middle China. At the beginning of the 20th century it was brought to New Zealand, where its name was changed from Chinese gooseberry (which seemed to put off some people) to Kiwi after the supposed resemblance of the fruit to the national bird, the flightless Kiwi. Nowadays Actinidia deliciosa is widely cultivated for its edible fruit in warm temperate zones of Italy, Spain, Greece, France, New Zealand, the USA, Japan, Israel and Chile. Unfortunately, all cultivars of Kiwi fruit are frost tender and freeze at about -10oC. The most frost hardy cultivar of the species, a hermaphrodite form 'Jenny', can withstand frost and cold to -15oC, but its fruit is small and insipid.

Actinidia arguta (Hardy kiwi, Tara vine) and Actinidia kolomikta (Arctic beauty kiwi) are much more frost hardy than Actinidia deliciosa, and therefore may be cultivated in the Polish climate. Actinidia arguta, depending on a variety, can withstand temperatures from -23oC down to -35oC, and Actinidia kolomikta tolerates temperatures even down to 40 degrees below zero. Both plants are mainly regarded as ornamental climbers, ideal for covering fences, walls, pergolas and arbours owing to their twining growth habit. They also bear tasty fruit, although much smaller than the kiwi fruit - more or less the size of a grape.

Clematis Arguta

Actinidia KIWI BERRY - HARDY KIWI Fruit plantation

In fruit gardens and orchard plantations the varieties of Actinidia arguta, also known as MINI KIWI or Hardy kiwi, are considered to have the biggest potential thanks to their relatively large, tasty berries. In order to produce fruit, Tara vine needs a long growing season – around 150 frost-free days. An adult plant can yield between 10-20 kg of berries. This rampant climbing plant can grow up to 30-50 m high in its homeland, while in a cooler climate, in Poland for instance, it reaches up to 4-8 m high. Young shoots are brown and change colour to grey with age. Large ovate green leaves turn yellow in autumn and fall shortly afterwards. The following varieties of Hardy kiwi are available in Poland:

  • 'Ananasnaya' considered the best cultivar for commercial cultivation.
  • 'Bingo'PBR  a Polish plentiful cultivar yielding tasty, aromatic berries with a pineapple flavour. Recommended for production plantations and house gardens.

Clematis Arguta

Clematis Arguta

  • 'Geneva'  an American female cultivar bread in the Geneva Research Station, Geneva New York. It's the earliest-ripening variety of the species, the fruit ripen from mid September to October. Medium-sized rounded berries (3 cm long and 2 cm across) develop a reddish-brown bloom when in full sun. They are very tasty: sweet with a honey flavour and a light aroma. Ripe berries get soft quite quickly and fall, especially when the plant doesn't receive enough water. A very prolific cultivar, it starts bearing fruit in the third or fourth year after planting. It withstands frost and cold to -30oC. 

Clematis Arguta

  • 'Issai'  a Japanese dioecious self-pollinating form. Berries ripen in mid October. This prolific variety bears quite tasty, medium-sized, oblong (2,5-4 cm long and 1,5-2,5 cm across) green fruit, already in the first year after planting. It sustains frosts down to about -25oC. Its compact growth habit (up to 3-4m high) makes it ideal for smaller gardens. Suitable for warmer regions.j.
  • 'Jumbo' an Italian, female form bearing exceptionally large oblong slightly elongated (up to 5cm long and 3cm across) green-yellow fruit. The biggest berries can weigh up to 30g. The fruit is tasty sweet without a distinct aroma and long-lasting, though it can sometimes crack at the base. Berries ripen form late September to mid October. A prolific variety that starts yielding fruit in the third or fourth year after planting. It grows up to 8 m high and withstands cold to -28oC.
  • 'Ken's Red'  a New Zealand female form bred as a cross of Actinidia arguta var. cordifolia and Actinidia melanaudra. Large (up to 4 cm long and 3 cm in diameter) durable tasty berries, though without a distinctive aroma, are purple red in full sun and green in shade. They ripen from mid September to mid October. Ripe berries don't soften excessively what makes them suitable for transport. Withstands frost and cold to -25oC.
  • 'Kokuwa' a Japanese, self-pollinating form with tasty lemon-flavoured durable fruit (Mini Kiwi) ripening in late September-October.
  • 'Purpurna Sadowa' a Ukrainian female form, most probably selected from Actinidia purpurea seedlings or obtained by crossbreeding Actinidia arguta and Actinidia purpurea. Tasty and long lasting medium-sized (3.5 cm long and 2.5 cm across) oval berries, purple red when in full sun and green in shade, ripen from mid September to mid October. Bears fruit in the third – fourth year after planting. Withstands temperatures down to -25oC.
  • 'Rogów' a Polish female form selected in Arboretum in Rogów. Quite tasty medium-sized (2,5-3 cm long and 2-2,5 across) green fruit ripens from the end of September till the beginning of October. A very prolific cultivar, it starts bearing fruit in the third or fourth year after planting. Withstands frost and cold to -30oC.
  • SCARLET SEPTEMBET KIWI®  a Polish cultivar yielding red, tasty, sweet fruit (Mini Kiwi). It's the earliest of all cultivars to ripen – it starts at the end of August and yields fruit until mid-September. Recommended for gardens as well as production plantations.

Clematis Arguta

  • VITIKIWI®  an attractive, prolific cultivar that sets fruit without pollination (parthenocarpic). Starts bearing fruit in the 1st-2nd year after planting. Its tasty, green, usually seedless fruit ripen in October.
  • 'Weiki' a German dioecious cultivar. Male specimens are good pollinators for all cultivars of Tara vine. Female specimens are very prolific. Tasty medium-sized (about 2,5-3 cm long and 2-2,5 cm across) berries ripen in October but they don't fall. They are normally green but develop a dark brown bloom when exposed to direct sunlight. Handsome lustrous dark green leaves on red stalks give the plant an attractive appearance making it a happy marriage of utility and ornamental value. It starts bearing fruit in the third or fourth year after planting. Tolerates temperatures down to -30oC.
     

Cultivation

If you choose a dioecious variety, you will need to plant both male and female forms at close proximity (3-5 m at best). When planting a larger number of Actinidia it's enough to plant one male form for every 5-8 female plants. These can be the specimens of different cultivars but should belong to the same species.

The male plants ought to be evenly distributed among the female plants and come into flower at around the same time. If you have room for only one plant, it’s best to put both a male and a female form in one hole, or, alternatively, choose a hermaphrodite variety(it may be unreliable) or graft a male stem on a female plant. Actinidia arguta blooms at the turn of May and June, bearing small (1-2 cm in diameter) white flowers. The flowering period of Actinidia kolomiktastarts 7-14 days earlier. Its flowers of are a bit smaller and have a faint lemon scent.

Male flowers, borne in racemes of more than a dozen, have well developed stamens with pollen which remains fertile for 3-4 days, while female flowers are borne individually or in clusters of two or three, and have a large, well-developed pistil surrounded by barren stamens. They can be pollinated for 9-10 days. The number and the size of berries depend on the good pollination. It's vital that both female and male flowers bloom at the same time. They are essentially pollinated by bees and other insects and, to a lesser extent, by wind. Unfortunately Actinidia flowers are relatively unattractive to insects, so need a lot of them to ensure good pollination. In the absence of insects you may also try hand-pollination. Pick a freshly opened male flower and brush it for 1-2 seconds against a female flower. The pollen of one male flower is sufficient to pollinate about 5 female flowers.

Actinidias in general, and more sensitive species and cultivars in particular, grow best in warm, sunny, wind-sheltered locations. You should avoid frost hollows, because Actinidias are sensitive to spring frosts. When planning where to plant your Actinidia, you should remember that large lakes and rivers are natural reservoirs of heat. Likewise, the walls give off some heat and thus increase the chances of winter survival of these tender plants. West and southwest positions, shaded till mid-morning, prove to be the best location. Actinidias are most vulnerable during the first 3-4 years after planting, so in that period you should pay particular attention to providing appropriate protection against cold, e.g. by putting mulch around the base of the plant. I wouldn't recommend cultivation in polyethylene tunnels, because such plants tend to start their growing period earlier what makes them more sensitive to late season frosts.

Actinidias grow well in various soils, although they prefer soil that is rich in organic matter, but light, with thickness not less than 1-1,5 m. It should be well drained, moist, but not waterlogged, and somewhat acid (pH 5-6.5). Since Actinidias are shallow rooted plants, you should avoid loosening the soil. When planting out, the plants should be put to the ground at the same level they used to grow in a pot, into a hole dressed with compost or well-rotted manure. Actinidias need large volumes of water during the entire growing season and it's especially important to water the plants regularly in the time of intensive growth or during the hot weather spell. They also require balanced feeding with macro and micro nutrients. Start fertilizing in the second year after planting; sprinkle the soil at the base of the plant, 20-80 cm away from the trunk.

Clematis Arguta

ph rosliny actinidia ciecie en

Pruning

When used as an ornamental plant, Actinidia can be left to grow in an unrestrained manner, with only occasional trimming of errant branches. However, such a plant will start yielding fruit later and it will be of poorer quality.

In order to achieve the best crop, you should specially train your Actinidia and prune it hard, bearing in mind that berries are borne on the stems that are trained horizontally and are 2-3 years old.

In commercial plantations Actinidia is usually trained along a T-shaped trellis (picture A below), as it ensures the best crop. In amateur cultivation it's best to grow plants along the wires stretched between posts, against a wall or a fence (picture B below). It takes 3-4 years to establish the plant, but once it's done, Actinidia will continue to grow and bear fruit even for 50 years.

In the first growing season train a leading shoot. In January – February (do it before the vegetation period starts, otherwise it will bleed) trim it 3-5cm above the top of the supports (picture A2 and B2 below). In the second year choose a pair of the strongest lateral stems and train them to the sides tying them to a wire. In winter prune their tips leaving 8-12 buds on each of them (picture A3 and B3 below). In spring these buds will develop into permanent fruiting stems and will start yielding fruit in the following year. Again, they should be trained to the sides and pinched out at the tips in August to encourage the formation of numerous flower buds (picture A4 and B4 below). Pick berries in autumn (picture A5 below), and, in winter, cut back 30% to 70% of fruiting stems (picture AB 6 below), above the branching point from which new fruiting shoots will grow. Every year in summer and winter you should remove all side shoots growing from the trunk, and thin out excessive growth. Pruning helps control spreading and reduces vegetative vigour, promotes fruit growth and development, permits adequate air movement through the plant and opens up the inside of a shrub to maximize light penetration, all of which is essential for optimal fruit set, its flavour and quality.

Actinidia KIWI BERRY - pruning and training of HARDY KIWI

Yielding fruit

Actinidias usually start bearing fruit in the fourth year after planting. When picked unripe, they will soften and ripen if kept together with fruit producing ethylene, e.g. with apples. It's best to put them in a cellophane bag and leave them for a few days at room temperature.

Berries are smooth-skinned, so they can be eaten without peeling. They can be eaten raw, added to cakes, jellies, salads and other dishes enriching summer and autumn meals, dried as grapes (they will resemble raisins), frozen and marinated. They are perfect for preparing wines, liqueurs, jams or marmalades.

Actinidia fruit is very healthy. Being almost totally devoid of fat, low in sodium and rich in vitamins (E and C), potassium and other microelements, including zinc, it is a perfect supplement to a wholesome diet. The fruit of Actinidia arguta contains about 400 mg% of vitamin C, which is up to 4 times more than the vitamin C content of a lemon or an orange.

 

Clematis Arguta